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 a very disgusting and self-pitiful man. he eventually died alone. poor, disgusting, mysogynistic man.

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 As for Spinoza’s influence in the German-speaking world at the time of Salomé, R. H. Elwes writes in 1883 (in his introduction to his translations The Chief Works of Spinoza volume I): “The brilliant novelist, Auerbach, has not only translated his [Spinoza’s] complete works, but has also made his history the subject of a biographical romance [Spinoza: ein Denkerleben 1855]. Among German philosophers Kant is, perhaps, the last, who shows no traces of Spinozism.” Reprint of the original text (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1951), p. viii. “On the Religious Affect”, trans, and quoted by Livingstone, p. 83. This view is repeated in her doctrine of narcissism in psychoanalysis. Writing in her 1882 Tautenberg diary on August 18, 1882 (composed during a month long stay with Nietzsche) Salomé observes: “In the freethinker, the religious emotion cannot relate itself to some divinity or heaven outside, where those forces that give rise to religion - like weakness, fear and greed - can be accommodated. In the freethinker, the religious need… thrown back upon itself, as it were, can become a heroic force, an urge to sacrifice himself to some noble purpose.” In this sense she saw Nietzsche as “the prophet of a new religion and it will be one that seeks heroes for disciples.” [“Im Freigeiste kann das religiöse Empfinden sich auf kein Göttliches und keinen Himmel ausser sich beziehen, in denen die religionsbildenden Krafte wie Schwäche, Furcht und Habsucht ihre Rechnung fänden. Im Freigeiste kann das durch die Religiönen entstandene religiäse Bedürfen… gleichsam auf sich selbst züriickgeworfen, zur heroischen Kraft seines Wesens werden, zum Drang der Selbsthingabe einem grossen Ziele.”] Trans, and quoted by Peters, p. 123; German original from Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Ree, Lou von Salomé: The Documents of their Meeting p. 184.

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 Caesar changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. The Greco-Roman society has been extinct for so long that most of the names of its great men mean little to the average, educated modern person. But Caesar’s name, like Alexander’s, is still on people’s lips throughout the Christian and Islamic worlds. Even people who know nothing of Caesar as a historic personality are familiar with his family name as a title signifying a ruler who is in some sense uniquely supreme or paramount—the meaning of Kaiser in German, tsar in the Slavonic languages, and qayṣar in the languages of the Islamic world.

Caesar’s gens (clan) name, Julius (Iulius), is also familiar in the Christian world, for in Caesar’s lifetime the Roman month Quintilis, in which he was born, was renamed “July” in his honour. This name has survived, as has Caesar’s reform of the calendar. The old Roman calendar was inaccurate and manipulated for political purposes. Caesar’s calendar, the Julian calendar, is still partially in force in the Eastern Orthodox Christian countries, and the Gregorian calendar, now in use in the West, is the Julian, slightly corrected by Pope Gregory XIII.